Intransitive Verbs [WC02]
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Intransitive Verbs [WC02]
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Existential Intransitive Superset [INEX] [11] Definition: Existential Intransitive verbs include the verb be and various be-substitute verbs that take predicate nominatives (e.g., become, remain) and predicate ajectives (e.g., grow, sound). Examples: is, appear, become, feel, grow, remain, seem
Tips: Coders may experience possible confusion as to whether a pre-clausal verb should be coded for the transitive or the intransitive. In general, pre-clausals should be coded as transitive, except for a very small class of exceptions; e.g., appear, seem, and insist. To be sure, verbs like agree and think should also be coded for their non-pre-clausal intransitive function; e.g., She thought about her days at school, and She agreed with me. In the case of a sentence like She agreed with me that . . ., it will be up to the parser to select the transitive pre-clausal rather than the intransitive. Developer's Tip: Because of the endless richness of verb argument structures, the SAL Verb Taxonomy can only hope to capture salient features, and even that imperfectly. The Logos Model depends upon use of the Semantic Table (SEMTAB) to capture argument structures not provided for in the taxonomy. SEMTAB rules to cover fine points of verb argument structures can be written via TermBuilder. |
Operational Intransitive Superset [INOP] [12] Definition: Operational Intransitive verbs denote all intransitive verbs that are not existential or verbs of motion. This includes all those intransitive verbs that take clausal and verbal complementation (except for appear, seem which are Existential Intransitives). Examples: close, come, conspire, end, open, participate, persist, refrain, sing, sleep, snore, stand, stay
Tips: Code the verb INOPloc if it strongly claims locative prepositions, e.g., He stayed at the office until midnight. Developer's Tip: Because of the endless richness of verb argument structures, the SAL Verb Taxonomy can only hope to capture salient features, and even that imperfectly. The Logos Model depends upon use of the Semantic Table (SEMTAB) to capture argument structures not provided for in the taxonomy. SEMTAB rules to cover fine points of verb argument structures can be written via TermBuilder. |
Motional Intransitive Superset [INMO] [10] Definition: Motional Intransitive verbs comprise all verbs of motion. Examples: dance, depart, fly, go, run, sail, skip, walk,
Tips: Code the verb INMOinto-type if it can take kinetic-type prepositions, e.g., into, onto, up to, etc., denoting directed motion. Otherwise, code verbs of motion INMOin-type. Caution: The verb come should not be coded here, but rather as INOPprev because it takes verbal complementation, e.g., He came to realize his mistake. Developer's Tip: Because of the endless richness of verb argument structures, the SAL Verb Taxonomy can only hope to capture salient features, and even that imperfectly. The Logos Model depends upon use of the Semantic Table (SEMTAB) to capture argument structures not provided for in the taxonomy. SEMTAB rules to cover fine points of verb argument structures can be written via TermBuilder. |
Transitive Verbs [WC02]
Strong Transitives
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Subjective Transitive Superset [SUBTR] [04] Definition: Subjective Transitive verbs denote verbs where the object of the verb is mentally engaged. Subjects of this verb, therefore, are typically human. (To be sure, not all verbs that take human subjects belong here, however.) Subjective Transitives are considered Weak Transitives (an informal SAL grouping) because the effect of the verb tends to be on the subject rather than the object. Examples: pronounce, rate, regard, view
Tips: SUBTRregard-type verbs take a nominative complement (e.g., They pronounced her the winner.) This is also true of the second set, reflecting prep governance; i.e., the verb is also complemented by a prepositional phrase indicated by the lower case mnemonic, e.g., SUBTRin. In the verbs of this superset, the effect of the action is on the subject. In all sets under this Subjective Transitive Superset, the object is mentally engaged (contrast with Objective Transitives, where the effect of the action is on the object). Caution: Verbs like consider do not belong here because they also take clausal complementation, and are therefore to be coded as Pre-Clausal. Developer's Tip: Because of the endless richness of verb argument structures, the SAL Verb Taxonomy can only hope to capture salient features, and even that imperfectly. The Logos Model depends upon use of the Semantic Table (SEMTAB) to capture argument structures not provided for in the taxonomy. SEMTAB rules to cover fine points of verb argument structures can be written via TermBuilder. |
Reciprocal Transitive Superset [RECTR] [13] Definition: The Reciprocal Transitive Superset denotes verbs where the effect of the action tends to be on both the subject and the object especially in terms of a relationship (or lack of one) or interaction between them. Examples are fight, include, etc. Reciprocal Transitives are considered Weak Transitives (an informal SAL grouping) because the effect of the verb tends to be on both the subject and the object rather than on the object alone, as in Objective Transitives. Examples: clasp, compose, comprise, contain, descend, discard, disgorge, exhale, exude, grab, include, locate, ooze, situate, spawn
Tips: Whereas verbs like wrestle and fight (which imply reciprocal action between subject and object) belong in this superset, the verb love cannot be included here because it takes pre-verbal complementation, a verb characteristic which takes higher precedence. In general, verbs are always coded for their most complex complementation structure. Developer's Tip: Because of the endless richness of verb argument structures, the SAL Verb Taxonomy can only hope to capture salient features, and even that imperfectly. The Logos Model depends upon use of the Semantic Table (SEMTAB) to capture argument structures not provided for in the taxonomy. SEMTAB rules to cover fine points of verb argument structures can be written via TermBuilder. |
Objective Transitive: Definition: A broad class of transitive verbs where the subject/agent performs an action on an object/patient. This class of verb is divided into two supersets: a) OBHUM where the subject/agent is typically human; and b) OBTR where the subject/agent could be typically human or non-human.The two supersets share common sets and therefore are combined here. Note that many of these verbs take prepositional phrase complementation and are given set codes to reflect this. Examples: abbreviate, create, increase, praise, press, shellac
Developer's Tip: Because of the endless richness of verb argument structures, the SAL Verb Taxonomy can only hope to capture salient features, and even that imperfectly. The Logos Model depends upon use of the Semantic Table (SEMTAB) to capture argument structures not provided for in the taxonomy. SEMTAB rules to cover fine points of verb argument structures can be written via TermBuilder. |
Di-Transitive Superset [DITR] [09] Definition: The Di-Transitive Superset denotes verbs that take both direct and indirect objects. These verbs are distributed over sets according to their argument structure. Examples: allocate, allot, contribute, dispatch, fetch, furnish, give, introduce, issue, offer, pass, procure, provide, send, supply
Caution: Some verbs that take indirect objects also take clausal and verbal complementation (e.g., teach, write, explain). Such verbs should not be encoded here, but should be coded for their more complex argument structure. Developer's Tip: Because of the endless richness of verb argument structures, the SAL Verb Taxonomy can only hope to capture salient features, and even that imperfectly. The Logos Model depends upon use of the Semantic Table (SEMTAB) to capture argument structures not provided for in the taxonomy. SEMTAB rules to cover fine points of verb argument structures can be written via TermBuilder. |
Pre-Process Transitive Superset [PREPR] [06] Definition: The Pre-Process Superset denotes a small group of verbs that take as objects process nouns (nouns derived from verbs). These verbs may lend themselves to the following type of transformation:
Examples: accomplish, effect, instigate, perform, restart
Caution: Verbs in this set do not ever take verbal or clausal complementation. Developer's Tip: Because of the endless richness of verb argument structures, the SAL Verb Taxonomy can only hope to capture salient features, and even that imperfectly. The Logos Model depends upon use of the Semantic Table (SEMTAB) to capture argument structures not provided for in the taxonomy. SEMTAB rules to cover fine points of verb argument structures can be written via TermBuilder. |
Simple Pre-Verbal Transitive Superset [PREV] [05] Definition:
The Simple Pre-Verbal Superset denotes a class of verbs which take infinitival verb
complementation, including the -ing form of the verbal complement. Note that this
class of verbs has a simple argument structure and therefore it does not
accommodate the indirect object, for example.
Caution: Verbs taking verbal complementation that also invite indirect objects should not be coded here, but under Pre-Verbal Di-Transitives. Developer's Tip: Because of the endless richness of verb argument structures, the SAL Verb Taxonomy can only hope to capture salient features, and even that imperfectly. The Logos Model depends upon use of the Semantic Table (SEMTAB) to capture argument structures not provided for in the taxonomy. SEMTAB rules to cover fine points of verb argument structures can be written via TermBuilder. |
Pre-Verbal Di-Transitive Superset [PREVDI] [14] Definition: The Pre-Verbal Di-Transitive Superset is a class of verbs that takes compound complementation in the same sentence: (1) verb clause of various patterns and (2) direct or indirect object. Note that verbs in this superset do not take th-clause complementation.
Caution: If the Pre-Verbal verb you are seeking to code also takes th-clause complementation, it should not be coded here, but under the Pre-Verbal/ Pre-Clausal Superset. Developer's Tip: Because of the endless richness of verb argument structures, the SAL Verb Taxonomy can only hope to capture salient features, and even that imperfectly. The Logos Model depends upon use of the Semantic Table (SEMTAB) to capture argument structures not provided for in the taxonomy. SEMTAB rules to cover fine points of verb argument structures can be written via TermBuilder. |
Pre-Clausal Transitive Superset [PCL] [03] Definition: Pre-Clausal verbs take th-clause complementation. Some members of this superset also take wh-clause complementation. Verbs in this superset do not take verb clause complementation (for which see Pre-Clausals/ Verbals superset on the Index to the left). Examples: answer, ascertain, assure, believe, cable, calculate, certify, denote, doubt, ensure, estimate, explain, foretell, inform, judge, notify, predict, protest, prove, read, relate, signify
Tips: Do not confuse Transitive Pre-Clausal verbs with Intransitive Pre-Clausal verbs. Transitive Pre-Clausal verbs are so designated because these verbs can also take simple direct objects (e.g., He conceded that . . . / He conceded the point.) Intransitive Pre-Clausals cannot take direct objects (e.g., insist, appear, etc.) Developer's Tip: Because of the endless richness of verb argument structures, the SAL Verb Taxonomy can only hope to capture salient features, and even that imperfectly. The Logos Model depends upon use of the Semantic Table (SEMTAB) to capture argument structures not provided for in the taxonomy. SEMTAB rules to cover fine points of verb argument structures can be written via TermBuilder. |
Pre-Clausal/Verbal
Transitive Superset Definition: The Pre-Clausal/Verbal Superset comprises a class of verbs that takes both verbal and th-clause complementation. Verbs in this superset may take a variety of other argument structures as well.
Developer's Tip: Because of the endless richness of verb argument structures, the SAL Verb Taxonomy can only hope to capture salient features, and even that imperfectly. The Logos Model depends upon use of the Semantic Table (SEMTAB) to capture argument structures not provided for in the taxonomy. SEMTAB rules to cover fine points of verb argument structures can be written via TermBuilder. |
Transitive Verbs: Pre-Clausals [PCL]
[03] Definition: A simple class of pre-clausal verbs that take th-clause complementation. Some of these verbs may also take wh-clause complementation; e.g., Inquire which . . . Examples: calculate, check, doubt, ensure, inquire Patterns:
Caution: These verbs do not allow indirect objects. Developers' Tips: |
Transitive Verbs: Pre-Clausals [PCL]
[03] Definition: A mixed class of pre-clausal verbs that satisfy some combination of the Patterns shown below, notably the th-clause complementation. These verbs also take indirect objects and, in many cases, predicate nominative complementation. Less commonly, they may take wh-clause complementation; e.g., We cannot describe what happened. Examples: ascertain, believe, certify, concede, declare, demonstrate, describe, estimate, infer, judge, note, predict, proclaim, prove, say, show, suggest, suspect Patterns:
Tips: Pattern (1) above represents the minimum obligatory complementation for this set of verbs insofar as they function pre-clausally. Some of the optional (facultative) complementation obviously is not pre-clausal; e.g., Patterns (3), (4), and (5). Caution: Not all verbs in this class satisfy all patterns; e.g., *We believe to him that . . . Developers' Tips: |
Transitive Verbs: Pre-Clausals [PCL]
[03] Definition: A class of pre-clausal verbs that satisfy the Patterns shown below, notably the th-clause complementation with optional indirect objects. Less commonly, some verbs in this class may take wh-clause complementation. Examples: answer, assure, cable, grant, inform, notify, telephone, wire, write Patterns:
Tips: None of the patterns above are obligatory. Caution: This set may express the indirect object without the preposition to; e.g., Wire me the results. In that regard, it differs from the explain-type set where the preposition to cannot be omitted for the indirect object. Developers' Tips: |
Transitive Verbs: Pre-Clausals [PCL]
[03] Definition: A class of pre-clausal verbs that satisfy the Patterns shown below, notably the th-clause complementation with optional indirect objects. Less commonly, some verbs in this class may take wh-clause complementation. Examples: cry, denote, explain, foretell, imply, indicate, object, protest, read, relate, reply, signify, testify Patterns:
Tips: Neither of the above patterns is obligatory. Caution: This set may not express the indirect object without the preposition to; e.g., Explain to me the results. In that regard, it differs from the inform-type set where the preposition to can be omitted for the indirect object. Developers' Tips: |
Transitive Verbs: Pre-Clausals [PCL]
[03] Definition: A class of pre-clausal verbs that satisfy some combination of the Patterns shown below, notably the th-clause complementation with optional direct or indirect objects. Examples: bet, strike, wager Patterns:
Tips: This set differs from other pre-clausal sets in allowing a direct object combined with clausal complementation (Patterns 1, 3, and 4). |
| Mnemonic | Description | Set Code | Examples |
| XXinto-type | motional sense preps = on, upon, to, onto, in (acc), towards, from, underneath | 24 | march, place, press |
| XXin-type | locative preps = in, on, under (dat), at (place) | 68 | |
| XXafter | after/upon/on = along the lines of/after | 86 | base, model |
| against (see for/as) | |||
| XXaround | around/about = around | 56 | coil, twist, wind |
| as (see for/as) | |||
| XXat28 | at = to, on (static place); to = onto | 28 | affix, anchor, apply, attach, clamp, couple |
| XXat94 | at = toward | 94 | aim, point |
| XXfor71 | for = for the presence of or to know or to get | 71 | assess, consult, review |
| away from (see from) | |||
| XXfor46 | for/as = for the sake of/against/as being | 46 | preserve, save |
| XXfor80 | for = with respect to | 80 | correct |
| XXfor84 | for/as = for the purpose of/against | 84 | employ, utilize, use |
| XXfor81 | for = in place of, in exchange for | 81 | exchange, substitute, trade |
| from (from . . . to) see to | |||
| XXfrom78 | from = against | 78 | defend, guard, preserve, protect, shelter |
| XXfrom19 | from = away from, off of, out of | 19 | bite, detach, disconnect, dismiss |
| XXfrom96 | from/between = with respect to, vis a vis | 96 | discriminate, distinguish, abstain |
| XXfrom26 | from . . . to = what . . . to become | 26 | alter, change, demote, transform |
| XXin82 | in = default (misc.) | 82 | calibrate |
| XXin27 | in/into = so as to become | 27 | assemble, cut, divide |
| XXin20 | in/into = within | 20 | house, lock |
| XXof17 | of = converbal prep | 17 | cleanse, clear, cure, empty, rid, rob |
| 0ff/off of = from, away from | pick, pull, scrape | ||
| out of = (see from) | |||
| XXon86 | on/upon = after | 86 | base, model, pattern |
| XXon90 | on/over/about
= about, concerning; "at" in passive construction = about, over |
90 | annoy, bother, brief, challenge |
| XXto28 | to = onto; at = on (static) | 28 | affix, anchor, apply, attach, clamp, couple |
| XXto57 | to/toward = relational sense | 57 | adapt, appeal, order, orient |
| XXto35 | to = so as to become | 35 | abbreviate, degrade, modify, simplify |
| XXto24 | to (from . . . to) = into, onto, toward (motional) or to (destination) | 24 | carry, copy, divert, drip, take, transport, turn |
| XXto18 | to = up to, until, down to, within limits of (esp. measure/time/place) (see also 18, 32: up to/down to) |
18 | accelerate, increase, postpone, reduce, incline |
| XXto58 | to = with | 58 | bond, connect, join |
| toward (see to) | |||
| XXwith74 | with = about | 74 | acquaint, familiarize |
| XXwith52 | with = by means of (may be ambiguous) | 52 | accommodate, balance, choke, overwhelm, fill |
| XXwith59 | with = in relation to, with respect to | 59 | align, accord, compare |
| XXwith47 | with = together with | 47 | associate, combine, mix |
| XXundif | To cover cases where a verb belonging to the superset has no prep governance | VT: 21, 75, 92, 98 VI: 29, 31, 97 |
